Newton's law of cooling and more!

A detective is called to the scene of a crime where a dead body has just been found. She arrives on the scene at 10:23 pm and begins her investigation. Immediately, the temperature of the body is taken and is found to be 80o F. The detective checks the programmable thermostat and finds that the room has been kept at a constant 68o F for the past 3 days.

After evidence from the crime scene is collected, the temperature of the body is taken once more and found to be 78.5^o F. This last temperature reading was taken exactly one hour after the first one. The next day the detective is asked by another investigator, “What time did our victim die?” Assuming that the victim’s body temperature was normal (98.6^o F) prior to death, what is her answer to this question? Newton's Law of Cooling can be used to determine a victim's time of death! Cool, or what!

So, what exactly is Newton's Law Of Cooling?
Newton’s Law of Cooling describes the cooling of a warmer object to the cooler temperature of the environment. Specifically we write this law as,

T (t) = T_e + (T₀ − T_e ) e ^{- kt},

where T (t) is the temperature of the object at time t, T_e is the constant temperature of the environment, T₀ is the initial temperature of the object, and k is a constant that depends on the material properties of the object.

To organize our thinking about this problem, let’s be explicit about what we are trying to solve for. We would like to know the time at which a person died. In particular, we know the investigator arrived on the scene at 10:23 pm, which we will call τ hours after death. At 10:23 (i.e. τ hours after death), the temperature of the body was found to be 80^o F. One hour later, τ + 1 hours after death, the body was found to be 78.5^o F. Our known constants for this problem are, T_e = 68^o F and T₀ = 98.6^o F.
At what time did our victim die?

Using Newton’s Law of Cooling we have the following two equations,
T ( τ ) = 80 = 68 + (98.6 − 68) e - kτ ,	.....(1)
T ( τ + 1) = 78.5 = 68 + (98.6 − 68) e - k ( τ + 1),	.....(2)
where τ corresponds to 10:23 and represents the time (in hours) since death.
Simplifying (1) yields,
12 = 30.6 e - kτ ,	.....(3)
Using the laws of exponents and simplifying (2) yields,
10.5 = 30.6 e - kτ e − k.	......(4)
Notice that in (3) and (4), we have two equations and two unknowns (k and τ). Solving for e - kτ in (3) gives,

Substituting this value of e ^{- kτ} in (4) gives,

Now that we have a value for k, we can use this to solve for the remaining unknown, τ. Substituting k ≈ 0.134 into (3) yields,

We have found τ ≈ 7 hours. Since the detective arrived on scene at 10:23 pm (τ hours after death), the individual must have died 7 hours prior to 10:23 pm or at approximately 3:23 pm.

Thus, the detective would confidently answer the other investigator, “The time of death was approximately 3:23 pm.”
Bingo!

Newton's hair!

Isaac Newton.

Let me tell you all, I had one hell of a time researching about Newton's hair :P

Although I didn't find out much, here are a few things worth writing about it : 

1. He had shoulder length hair, blonde.
2. He never cared to wash it, comb it or even admire it in the mirror.
3. Since he was an alchemist, many locks of his hair was found to have deposits of Mercury on them.
4. His hair turned grey when he was in his 30s (quite obviously)
5. Many people in the late 70s and early 80s sported this hairstyle =)

Brian May, rock guitarist.

Steven Tyler, lead singer, Aerosmith

Einstein's success quote

If A is success in life, then A = X+Y+Z. X is work, Y is play and Z is keeping your mouth shut.

Newton's Disc

A Newton disc is a disc with segments in rainbow colours. When the disc is rotated, the colors fade to white; In this way Isaac Newton demonstrated that white light is a combination of the seven different colours found in a rainbow. A Newton Disc can be created by painting a disc with the seven different colours. A combination of red, green and blue in the circular disc will yield the same result. This is due to the phenomenon called persistence of vision. It can easily be made at home using a card board piece It was an important discovery as it proves that light is not colourless,but has colour in it which together converge to give a faded white colour which we consider colourless. This property is based on the principles of dispersion of light.

The action and reaction balloon!

Been quite a while since I posted a video, no?
Illustration : Newton's third law of motion.

10 strange facts about Albert Einstein

So you think you know Albert Einstein: the absent-minded genius who gave us the theory of relativity (two of them, in fact, special theory and general theory of relativity), but did you know that Einstein was born with such a large head that his mother thought he was deformed? Or that Einstein had a secret child before he was married?

Read on for more obscure facts about the life of the world’s smartest genius:

1. Einstein Was a Fat Baby with Large Head

When Albert’s mother, Pauline Einstein gave birth to him, she thought that Einstein’s head was so big and misshapen that he was deformed!
As the back of the head seemed much too big, the family initially considered a monstrosity. The physician, however, was able to calm them down and some weeks later the shape of the head was normal. When Albert’s grandmother saw him for the first time she is reported to have muttered continuously "Much too fat, much too fat!" Contrasting all apprehensions Albert grew and developed normally except that he seemed a bit slow."

2. Einstein Had Speech Difficulty as a Child

As a child, Einstein seldom spoke. When he did, he spoke very slowly – indeed, he tried out entire sentences in his head (or muttered them under his breath) until he got them right before he spoke aloud. According to accounts, Einstein did this until he was nine years old. Einstein’s parents were fearful that he was retarded – of course, their fear was completely unfounded!
One interesting anecdote, told by Otto Neugebauer, a historian of science, goes like this:
As he was a late talker, his parents were worried. At last, at the supper table one night, he broke his silence to say, "The soup is too hot."
Greatly relieved, his parents asked why he had never said a word before.
Albert replied, "Because up to now everything was in order."
In his book, Thomas Sowell [wiki] noted that besides Einstein, many brilliant people developed speech relatively late in childhood. He called this condition The Einstein Syndrome.

3. Einstein was Inspired by a Compass

When Einstein was five years old and sick in bed, his father showed him something that sparked his interest in science: a compass.
When Einstein was five years old and ill in bed one day, his father showed him a simple pocket compass. What interested young Einstein was whichever the case was turned, the needle always pointed in the same direction. He thought there must be some force in what was presumed empty space that acted on the compass. This incident, common in many "famous childhoods," was reported persistently in many of the accounts of his life once he gained fame.
4. Einstein Failed his University Entrance Exam

In 1895, at the age of 17, Albert Einstein applied for early admission into the Swiss Federal Polytechnical School (Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule or ETH). He passed the math and science sections of the entrance exam, but failed the rest (history, languages, geography, etc.)! Einstein had to go to a trade school before he retook the exam and was finally admitted to ETH a year later.

5. Einstein had an Illegitimate Child

In the 1980s, Einstein’s private letters revealed something new about the genius: he had an illegitimate daughter with a fellow former student Mileva Marić (whom Einstein later married).
In 1902, a year before their marriage, Mileva gave birth to a daughter named Lieserl, whom Einstein never saw and whose fate remained unknown:
Mileva gave birth to a daughter at her parents’ home in Novi Sad. This was at the end of January, 1902 when Einstein was in Berne. It can be assumed from the content of the letters that birth was difficult. The girl was probably christianised. Her official first name is unknown. In the letters received only the name “Lieserl” can be found.
The further life of Lieserl is even today not totally clear. Michele Zackheim concludes in her book “Einstein’s daughter” that Lieserl was mentally challenged when she was born and lived with Mileva’s family. Furthermore she is convinced that Lieserl died as a result of an infection with scarlet fever in September 1903. From the letters mentioned above it can also be assumed that Lieserl was put up for adoption after her birth.
In a letter from Einstein to Mileva from September 19, 1903, Lieserl was mentioned for the last time. After that nobody knows anything about Lieserl Einstein-Maric.

6. Einstein Became Estranged From His First Wife, then Proposed a Strange "Contract"

After Einstein and Mileva married, they had two sons: Hans Albert and Eduard. Einstein’s academic successes and world travel, however, came at a price – he became estranged from his wife. For a while, the couple tried to work out their problems – Einstein even proposed a strange "contract" for living together with Mileva:
The relationship progressed. Einstein became estranged from his wife. The biography reprints a chilling letter from Einstein to his wife, a proposed "contract" in which they could continue to live together under certain conditions. Indeed that was the heading: "Conditions."
A. You will make sure,
1. that my clothes and laundry are kept in good order;
2. that I will receive my three meals regularly in my room;
3. that my bedroom and study are kept neat, and especially that my desk is left for my use only.

B. You will renounce all personal relations with me insofar as they are not completely necessary for social reasons…
There’s more, including "you will stop talking to me if I request it." She accepted the conditions. He later wrote to her again to make sure she grasped that this was going to be all-business in the future, and that the "personal aspects must be reduced to a tiny remnant." And he vowed, "In return, I assure you of proper comportment on my part, such as I would exercise to any woman as a stranger."

7. Einstein didn't Get Along with His Oldest Son


After the divorce, Einstein’s relationship with his oldest son, Hans Albert, turned rocky. Hans blamed his father for leaving Mileva, and after Einstein won the Nobel Prize and money, for giving Mileva access only to the interest rather than the principal sum of the award – thus making her life that much harder financially.
The row between the father and son was amplified when Einstein strongly objected to Hans Albert marrying Frieda Knecht:
In fact, Einstein opposed Hans’s bride in such a brutal way that it far surpassed the scene that Einstein’s own mother had made about Mileva. It was 1927, and Hans, at age 23, fell in love with an older and – to Einstein – unattractive woman. He damned the union, swearing that Hans’s bride was a scheming woman preying on his son. When all else failed, Einstein begged Hans to not have children, as it would only make the inevitable divorce harder. … (Source: Einstein A to Z by Karen C. Fox and Aries Keck, 2004)
Later, Hans Albert immigrated to the United States became a professor of Hydraulic Engineering at UC Berkeley. Even in the new country, the father and son were apart. When Einstein died, he left very little inheritance to Hans Albert.

To know more about Hans Albert Einstein, click here.


8. Einstein was a Ladies’ Man

Einstein with his second wife and cousin, Elsa 

After Einstein divorced Mileva (his infidelity was listed as one of the reasons for the split), he soon married his cousin Elsa Lowenthal. Actually, Einstein also considered marrying Elsa’s daughter (from her first marriage) Ilse, but she demurred:
Before marrying Elsa, he had considered marrying her daughter, Ilse, instead. According to Overbye, “She (Ilse, who was 18 years younger than Einstein) was not attracted to Albert, she loved him as a father, and she had the good sense not to get involved. But it was Albert’s Woody Allen moment.”
Unlike Mileva, Elsa Einstein’s main concern was to take care of her famous husband. She undoubtedly knew about, and yet tolerated, Einstein’s infidelity and love affairs which were later revealed in his letters:
Previously released letters suggested his marriage in 1903 to his first wife Mileva Maric, mother of his two sons, was miserable. They divorced in 1919, and he soon married his cousin, Elsa. He cheated on her with his secretary, Betty Neumann.
In the new volume of letters released on Monday by Hebrew University in Jerusalem, Einstein described about six women with whom he spent time and from whom he received gifts while being married to Elsa.
Some of the women identified by Einstein include Estella, Ethel, Toni and his "Russian spy lover," Margarita. Others are referred to only by initials, like M. and L.
"It is true that M. followed me (to England) and her chasing after me is getting out of control," he wrote in a letter to Margot in 1931. "Out of all the dames, I am in fact attached only to Mrs. L., who is absolutely harmless and decent."

9. Einstein, the War Pacifist, Urged FDR to Build the Atom Bomb



Re-creation of Einstein and Szilárd signing the famous letter to President Franklin Roosevelt in 1939.

In 1939, alarmed by the rise of Nazi Germany, physicist Leó Szilárd [wiki] convinced Einstein to write a letter to president Franklin Delano Roosevelt warning that Nazi Germany might be conducting research into developing an atomic bomb and urging the United States to develop its own.
The Einstein and Szilárd’s letter was often cited as one of the reasons Roosevelt started the secret Manhattan Project to develop the atom bomb, although later it was revealed that the bombing of Pearl Harbor in 1941 probably did much more than the letter to spur the government.
Although Einstein was a brilliant physicist, the army considered Einstein a security risk and (to Einstein’s relief) did not invite him to help in the project.

10. The Saga of Einstein’s Brain: Pickled in a Jar for 43 Years and Driven Cross Country in a Trunk of a Buick!



After his death in 1955, Einstein’s brain was removed – without permission from his family – by Thomas Stoltz Harvey, the Princeton Hospital pathologist who conducted the autopsy. Harvey took the brain home and kept it in a jar. He was later fired from his job for refusing to relinquish the organ.

Many years later, Harvey, who by then had gotten permission from Hans Albert to study Einstein’s brain, sent slices of Einstein’s brain to various scientists throughout the world. One of these scientists was Marian Diamond of UC Berkeley, who discovered that compared to a normal person, Einstein had significantly more glial cells in the region of the brain that is responsible for synthesizing information.
In another study, Sandra Witelson of McMaster University found that Einstein’s brain lacked a particular "wrinkle" in the brain called the Sylvian fissure. Witelson speculated that this unusual anatomy allowed neurons in Einstein’s brain to communicate better with each other. Other studies had suggested that Einstein’s brain was denser, and that the inferior parietal lobe, which is often associated with mathematical ability, was larger than normal brains.
The saga of Einsteins brain can be quite strange at times: in the early 1990s, Harvey went with freelance writer Michael Paterniti on a cross-country trip to California to meet Einstein’s granddaughter. They drove off from New Jersey in Harvey’s Buick Skylark with Einstein’s brain sloshing inside a jar in the trunk! Paterniti later wrote his experience in the book Driving Mr. Albert: A Trip Across America with Einstein’s Brain
In 1998, the 85-year-old Harvey delivered Einstein’s brain to Dr. Elliot Krauss, the staff pathologist at Princeton University, the position Harvey once held:
… after safeguarding the brain for decades like it was a holy relic — and, to many, it was — he simply, quietly, gave it away to the pathology department at the nearby University Medical Center at Princeton, the university and town where Einstein spent his last two decades.
"Eventually, you get tired of the responsibility of having it. … I did about a year ago," Harvey said, slowly. "I turned the whole thing over last year [in 1998]."





PS : I do not own the images.

Einstein's field equations

The Einstein field equations are the 16 coupled hyperbolic-elliptic nonlinear partial differential equations that describe the gravitational effects produced by a given mass in general relativity. As result of the symmetry of  and , the actual number of equations reduces to 10, although there are an additional four differential identities (the Bianchi identities) satisfied by , one for each coordinate.
The Einstein field equations state that

where  is the stress-energy tensor, and

is the Einstein tensor, with  the Ricci curvature tensor and  the scalar curvature.
The opening sequence of the 2003 French film Les Triplettes de Belleville (The Triplets of Belleville) features the Einstein field equations.

Newton's Handwriting!! :D

 Guess what I just found on Google?
 The actual page of a letter written in 1704 which has gone on show in Jerusalem's Hebrew University. 

Einstein's equation of Life and Death

In the summer of 1939 Albert Einstein was on holiday in a small resort town on the tip of Long Island. His peaceful summer, however, was about to be shattered by a visit from an old friend and colleague from his years in Berlin. The visitor was the physicist Leo Szilard. He had come to tell Einstein that he feared the Nazis could soon be in possession of a terrible new weapon and that something had to be done.

Szilard believed that recent scientific breakthroughs meant it was now possible to convert mass into energy. And that this could be used to make a bomb. If this were to happen, it would be a terrible realisation of the law of nature Einstein had discovered some 34 years earlier. September 1905 was Einstein’s ‘miracle year’. While working as a patents clerk in the Swiss capital Berne Einstein submitted a three-page supplement to his special theory of relativity, published earlier that year. In those pages he derived the most famous equation of all time; e=mc², energy is equal to mass multiplied by the speed of light squared.

The equation showed that mass and energy were related and that one could, in theory, be transformed into the other. But because the speed of light squared is such a huge number, it meant that even a small amount of mass could potentially be converted into a huge amount of energy. Ever since the discovery of radioactivity in the late 19th century, scientists had realised that the atomic nucleus could contain a large amount of energy. Einstein’s revolutionary equation showed them, for the first time, just how much there was.

Watch the first part of the documentary and follow up the later parts on YouTube :)

Source : bbc.co.uk

Theory Of Relativity

Albert Einstein was one of the greatest, if not the greatest physicist the world has ever known. His greatest achievement was his Theory of Relativity, which tells us about many things, including what would happen to our view of the world if we could travel very fast.

"Very fast" here does not mean something like 100 miles per hour, or even as fast an a 747 airplane, or the Space Shuttle. Very fast here means, close to the speed of light, which is 186,000 miles per second, or 300,000,000 meters/second, or about 1 foot every nanosecond. This page will try to show you what a house might look like if you flew by is at one of these "near speed of light" speeds.

First off though, how is it that you can see a house? Take a look at the picture below :

You can't see anything if there's no light, so here, the Sun is illuminating the house. Notice that some of the Sun's light rays bounce off of the house and into your eyes. It is through these rays that you are able to see the house.

Now, light rays travel at the speed of light (obviously). What would happen if you were moving to the right at very near the speed of light? It seems like you'd sort of be racing with the light rays bouncing off of the house. They'd have a hard time catching you to get into your eyes! Also, rays that have to travel greater distances (like the one that bounces off of the bottom of the house) wouldn't even catch you until a bit later than the rest!

All of this provides for some interesting views of the world while moving "very fast."

Einstein - the first :)

So, as I promised you all, I shall be blogging about Einstein. So here's the first post on the mastermind :)
More like a biography.

Albert Einstein was born at Ulm, in Württemberg, Germany, on March 14, 1879. Six weeks later the family moved to Munich, where he later on began his schooling at the Luitpold Gymnasium. Later, they moved to Italy and Albert continued his education at Aarau, Switzerland and in 1896 he entered the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School in Zurich to be trained as a teacher in physics and mathematics. In 1901, the year he gained his diploma, he acquired Swiss citizenship and, as he was unable to find a teaching post, he accepted a position as technical assistant in the Swiss Patent Office. In 1905 he obtained his doctor's degree.


During his stay at the Patent Office, and in his spare time, he produced much of his remarkable work and in 1908 he was appointed Privatdozent in Berne. In 1909 he became Professor Extraordinary at Zurich, in 1911 Professor of Theoretical Physics at Prague, returning to Zurich in the following year to fill a similar post. In 1914 he was appointed Director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Physical Institute and Professor in the University of Berlin. He became a German citizen in 1914 and remained in Berlin until 1933 when he renounced his citizenship for political reasons and emigrated to America to take the position of Professor of Theoretical Physics at Princeton*. He became a United States citizen in 1940 and retired from his post in 1945.

Yes, I have changed my blog address, blog name and also the blog content. I have been blogging about Newton for 3 months now. Recently, I read a few articles about Albert Einstein. And then I thought - why not blog about him too? He is one of the greatest scientists there have been, with an impeccable sense of humor.
He has made many contributions to Physics, like Newton.
It's gonna be a fun ride, blogging about these two amazing men.
Hope you'll like it.
Cheers!

Newton vs Einstein - another blogger's view

An interesting article I found online. Very well written, I must say!

When people think of scientific genius, two names immediately come to mind: Einstein and Newton. While it is still widely debated which was actually the more ingenius of the two (as if it really mattered), scientists agree on one thing: it's purely a two-man race. The intellects and achievements of all the other great scientists can hardly be considered mediocre, but none can measure up to the impossible brilliance of these two. Einstein and Newton were to the other guys what ordinary geniuses are to us.

The differences between Einsteinian and Newtonian physics all boil down to two basic concepts: space and time. Newton's space and time were absolute, that is, unchangable. Space was boundless, static, and completely empty save for the universal medium, the ether, and time had flowed inexoribly since Creation. Einstein's space and time, however, wound and twisted about one another into one absolute concept, spacetime. In Einstein's universe, space and time were continually being warped and shaped according to the motions of energy and matter.

Before Newton's time, people were utter mystifyed by the motion of the stars in the heavens, inventing elaborate explainations involving gods and imbedded spheres and the such. But Newton found that his theory of gravity explained their motions almost perfectly. Only such a superb mind as his could have equated the force that acts on an apple falling from a tree to that which keeps the Earth in orbit around the sun. Newton's gravity was a force carried in a universal medium called the luminous ether by which every object in the universe affects every other. Although a few scattered objections persisted, Newton's laws were so successful in explaining the motions of the planets that his concepts were universally accepted.

Einstein, however, abolished all that, saying that gravity was not a force at all, but merely the observed effect of the warping of space and time by matter. He examined two situations: resting on the surface of a massive body and accelerating in empty space. If the rate of acceleration was adjusted correctly, a person would feel the same downward pull of gravity. Einstein asserted that these effects were actually the same. A far cry from Newton's view of gravity as a force acting at a distance!

We have already observed the slowdown of time and the redshifting of light due to gravity. In Einstein's universe, these two phenomena naturally occur together. The newtonian physicist, however, would not also predict that time flows slower with stronger gravity, because Newton's time did not change.

For many centuries, astronomers have noticed a small discrepancy in Mercury's observed orbit around the sun and that predicted by Newton's laws. Because it is so close to the Sun, the Sun's mass distorts Mercury's path, so that with each revolution, its perihelion (closest point to the Sun) gets a closer to the Sun. On Newton's theory had predicted a shift only half as large as the actual one, but Einstein's predictions perfectly matched observations.

The difference between Newton's and Einstein's laws at ordinary speeds is negligably small, and Newton's laws are much simpler to use, so depite their inaccuracies, Newton's laws are still used for calculating in everday situations. However, many keys to understanding the universe lie not in ordinary experience, but in extraodinary phenomena such as supernovae and black holes. In the realms of the very big and very small, Newton's laws simply did not suffice.


Newton vs Einstein - who's the better scientist?
Comments are welcome. =)

Newton's Flaming Laser Sword :P

Newton's flaming laser sword (NFLS) is a philosophical razor devised by Mike Alder in an essay (Newton's Flaming Laser Sword or: Why mathematicians and scientists don't like philosophy but do it anyway) on the conflicting positions of scientists and philosophers on epistemology and knowledge. Alder strongly criticized what he sees as the disproportionate influence of Greek philosophy—especially Platonism—in modern philosophy, and thus created a new razor to counter it. He contrast the scientist's Popperian approach to the philosopher's Platonic approach, which he describes as pure reason. The razor can be summarized as "what cannot be settled by experiment is not worth debating".
The razor is humorously named after Isaac Newton, as it is inspired by Newtonian thought, and is "much sharper and more dangerous than Occam's Razor", according to Alder. The essay was published in Philosophy Now in May/June 2004.

Essay

In his essay, Alder writes that the average scientist does not hold philosophy in high regard, "somewhere between sociology and literary criticism". He illustrates this with the example of the irresistible force paradox.

Newton-Laplace Formula

Newton was of the opinion that when longitudinal waves travel in gaseous medium, the changes taking place in the medium are isothermal in nature. Thus, according to Newton, the temperature of the gaseous medium remains constant, when sound travels through it. At the regions of compression, where the heat is produced, the heat is conducted away to the surrounding medium and at the regions of rarefaction, where cooling is produced, the heat is conducted in from the surrounding medium.
Thus Newton was of the idea that he had to consider the isothermal bulk modulus of gas in the equation of velocity, whose value is equal to the initial pressure.

Laplace's correction

Laplace, in 1816, discovered the error in Newton’s formula and modified it satisfactorily. Laplace pointed out that it was wrong to assume that changes taking place in a gaseous medium are isothermal in nature, when sound waves travel through it.
Actually when sound waves travel in a gaseous medium then at any point in the medium the states of compression and rarefaction occur alternately. at the moment of compression, heat is produced and while at the moment of rarefaction, some cooling is produced. The compressions and rarefactions occur so quickly that heat produced during compression cannot go out into the surroundings, and the heat disappeared during rarefactions cannot come in from the surroundings. Moreover the exchange of heat does not occur because gases are bad conductors of heat. i.e, process of propagation of sound waves in gases is adiabatic in nature and the modulus in the formula should actually represent the adiabatic bulk modulus of gas whose value is equal to  times the initial pressure.

Newton's Psychosis : Due to excessive alchemy

In a recent Clinical Case Conference, Dilip V. Jeste, M.D., et al. presented an interesting comparison between a patient with a late-onset psychotic episode and Sir Isaac Newton’s psychosis. In describing the latter, the authors made several claims and assumptions that we would like to review.

Newton's Cradle

Newton's cradle, named after Sir Isaac Newton, is a device that demonstrates conservation of momentum and energy via a series of swinging spheres. When one on the end is lifted and released, the resulting force travels through the line and pushes the last one upward. The device is also known as Newton's balls. (Do not laugh :P)

A typical Newton's cradle consists of a series of identically sized metal balls suspended in a metal frame so that they are just touching each other at rest. Each ball is attached to the frame by two wires of equal length angled away from each other. This restricts the pendulums' movements to the same plane.

The Ring

Newton's Rings.
The phenomenon of Newton's rings, named after Isaac Newton who first studied them in 1717, is an interference pattern caused by the reflection of light between two surfaces - a spherical surface and an adjacent flat surface. 

Rap Tribute! :O

Lyrics :

Yo everybody sit down an listen
Our story is beginning, 1643 in Britain
A boy was born curious and confusing
First name Isaac, last name Newton

Gravity! A must watch.

Newton's doomsday predictions.

In his posthumously-published Observations upon the Prophecies of Daniel, and the Apocalypse of St. John, Newton expressed his belief that Bible prophecy would not be understood "until the time of the end", and that even then "none of the wicked shall understand". Referring to that as a future time ("the last age, the age of opening these things, be now approaching"), Newton also anticipated "the general preaching of the Gospel be approaching" and "the Gospel must first be preached in all nations before the great tribulation, and end of the world".

Family Man? :/

Woolsthorpe Manor

Isaac Newton (4 January 1643-31 March 1727) was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist and theologian. Born at Woolsthorpe Manor in Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth, a hamlet in the county of Lincolnshire. At the time of Newton's birth, England had not adopted the Gregorian calendar and therefore his date of birth was recorded as Christmas Day, 25 December 1642. Newton was born three months after the death of his father, a prosperous farmer also named Isaac Newton.

The Calculus Controversy

Newton vs. Leibniz 

Like most discoveries, calculus was the culmination of centuries of work rather than an instant epiphany. Mathematicians all over the world contributed to its development, but the two most recognized discoverers of calculus are Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. Although the credit is currently given to both men, there was a time when the debate over which of them truly deserved the recognition was both heated and widespread. 

Quote, unquote.

“To myself I am only a child playing on the beach, while vast oceans of truth lie undiscovered before me.”


“No great discovery was ever made without a bold guess”


“Tact is the art of making a point without making an enemy.”


“I can calculate the motion of heavenly bodies, but not the madness of people.”


“We build too many walls and not enough bridges.”


“If I have ever made any valuable discoveries, it has been due more to patient attention, than to any other talent”


“If I have seen farther than others, it is because I was standing on the shoulders of giants.”

Binomial Theorem is born!!

We have the plague to thank for the binomial theorem! In 1665, plague was raging in England, and Isaac Newton, a new (and undistinguished) graduate of the University of Cambridge, was forced to spend most of the next two years in the relative safety of his family's country manor in Woolsthorpe. It turned out that solitude and free time was just the stimulous Newton's creative brain needed. In that 18-month period of retreat, he came up with his proof and extension of the binomial theorem, invented calculus (which he called his "method of fluxions"), discovered the law of universal gravitation, and proved that white light is composed of all colors. All of this before the age of 25!

Trivia!

On January 4, 1643, one of the world’s greatest scientists was born – Sir Isaac Newton. (Although he earned the titled “Sir” much later after birth!) You may know that he defined the law of gravity, helped create the field of calculus, explained planetary motion , etcetra, but there are so many other interesting facts about this great man.

Some laws that Newton forgot to mention about. XP

Some Laws that Newton forgot....trust me you will find each one absolutely true.


Law of Queue: If you change queues, the one you have left will start to move faster than the one you are in now.


Law of Telephone: When you dial a wrong number, you never get an engaged one.

Beastie Boys - Sounds Of Science! Find out how this song is related to Newton :)

Bam! Top 10 Isaac Newton Inventions!

Let's make a it a countdown this time. (Just to get you guys excited)

10: Newton's Orbital Cannon

Yoda Vs. Isaac Newton - HILARIOUS. xD

The best video EVER! :D Find out what inspired Newton to "actually" ponder about gravity! :P

LMFAO! xD

All the physicists are playing hide and seek. Einstein is the ‘den’ and stands against the wall with his eyes closed and counts till 100 to enable all the physicists to run and hide. At the count of 100 Einstein turns around and finds Newton standing there.
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"Quotes"

Some quotes by the legend.

Errors are not in the art but in the artificers.


I can calculate the motion of heavenly bodies, but not the madness of people.


I was like a boy playing on the sea-shore, and diverting myself now and then finding a smoother pebble or a prettier shell than ordinary, whilst the great ocean of truth lay all undiscovered before me.
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10 jaw-dropping facts about Newton :O

1. Baby Newton Wasn’t Expected to Live
In 1642, the year that Galileo Galilei died, Isaac Newton was born prematurely on Christmas Day*. Named after his father, who died just three months before he was born, Isaac was a very small baby not expected to survive. His mother even said that Isaac was so small that he could have fit inside a quart mug. (Source: Isaac Newton’s Early Years [wiki])

*There is controversy about this date, some said that he was born on January 4, 1643. The discrepancy is due to the adoption of the new Gregorian calendar.

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It's tea time! :D

"Sir Isaac Newton... suggested to lawyers that they should drag their arguments into the late afternoon hours. The English judges of his day would never abandon their 4 o'clock tea time, and therefore would always bring down their hammer and enter a hasty, positive decision so they could retire to their chambers for a cup of Earl Grey."

Notebook.

Isaac Newton's mother took him out of school so he could help run the farm believing that, since he was good with his hands and had a quick mind, he would be a very capable manager. But because he was indeed quick with his mind, Isaac was an absolutely terrible manager.
When he was supposed to be watching the sheep or cows, Isaac was curled up under a shady hedge with a book. When he was supposed to be taking the produce to market, he was down in the fields jumping this way and that, trying to determine by the lengths of his jumps, what the force of the wind was. When he should have been feeding the chickens, he was jotting down thoughts in his notebook. At the front of the notebook he'd proudly written 'Isaac Newton owns this book.'
It included, among other things, his formula for making chalk, recipes for purging the head and making the brain clear, a phonetic alphabet, methods for making gold ink, magic tricks, and astronomical observations. And while he wrote all these ideas, the cattle were wandering onto the neighbor's land and the hens were still waiting for their eggs to be collected.

Abra-cadabra!

A woman, under the mistaken impression that Isaac Newton was an astrologer, once asked him to help her find her purse - lost, she said, somewhere between London Bridge and Shooters' Hill.
Newton declined and sent her away, but the woman proved tenacious, returning more than a dozen times. Finally, exasperated, Newton donned an eccentric sorcerer's costume, chalked a figure on the ground, and intoned, "Abracadabra! Go to the facade of Greenwich Hospital, third window on the south side. On the lawn in front of it I see a dwarfish devil bending over your purse."
The excited woman then scurried off and - according to legend - found her purse on the Greenwich Hospital lawn!

Bang On!!

One evening during the Anglo-Dutch wars, Isaac Newton entered the hall at Trinity College, Cambridge and announced to the assembled company that a historic naval battle had ensued earlier in the day - and that the English had been throttled. As Cambridge is a considerable distance from the shore and no other news had arrived of a battle, his colleagues were naturally skeptical. How, they asked, could he possibly know. Newton explained that he had heard several explosions (the firing of cannon) from his observatory, and that the noise had become progressively louder, suggesting that the English ships were retreating toward the English coast. The following day a full report of the battle arrived - and precisely bore out Newton's speculation.
Damn! :O

Shakespeare mimic :D

One day, Isaac Newton's dog knocked over a candle sitting on his desk. The ensuing fire destroyed the records from years of research. "O Diamond, Diamond," Newton remarked, surveying the damage, "thou little knowest the damage thou hast done."

Wandering Mind

One day Isaac Newton was sent to Grantham on business, a chore he always liked because he could drop in on his old friend the druggist, and spend the afternoon ogling the chemicals bottles.
On his way home from town, he dismounted his horse so it could have a rest, and walked along leading it by its bridle. As always his mind wandered. Perhaps he was thinking about the four wheel carriage he'd just built or the system of shorthand he'd created or maybe he was just watching the sunlight on the grass and wondering what made the grass green.
...miles and hours later he arrived at home not even aware that the horse had long ago slipped out of its bridle and he had walked the whole way back, alone.

Immortal Wit!

"What is your opinion," an Italian woman once asked Isaac Newton, "of the immortality of the soul?" "Madam," Newton simply replied, "I am an experimental philosopher."

Bubble Boy?

One day a nosy old widow was visited by a Fellow of the Royal Society, to whom she described the odd behavior of "the poor crazy gentleman" living next door.
"Every morning," she explained, "when the sun shines so brightly that we are obliged to draw the window-blinds, he takes his seat in front of a tub of soap-suds and occupies himself for hours blowing bubbles through a common clay pipe and intently watches them until they burst."

Ushered to a window by his hostess, the man was surprised to learn the identity of the "poor crazy gentleman": it was Sir Isaac Newton!

Absent-mindedness

 One evening a friend arrived as scheduled to dine with Isaac Newton in his room. Finding him deeply engrossed in an abstruse mathematical problem, he simply sat down to wait.
Some time later, a servant brought dinner in - for one; Newton had forgotten about his invitation. When Newton continued to work at his desk, the friend, taking care not to disturb him, pulled up a chair and consumed Newton's meal.
Shortly thereafter, Newton, having finished his work, finally looked up and was startled, first by the presence of his friend, and then by the absence of his dinner: "If it weren't for the proof before my eyes," he declared, gazing at the empty plate, "I could have sworn that I had not yet dined." :D